Canada-U.S. free trade was a model for the world. Can anything save it now?

The collapse of trade talks between Canada and the United States this past weekend and the ensuing fallout have stoked debate about whether the entwined economic relationship between the countries — held up around the world as a model of economic cooperation — will survive and, if so, in what form.

Canada-U.S. free trade has evolved over decades through a series of deals, from the 1965 Auto Pact to the current Canada-U.S.-Mexico Agreement , leading to about $1.3 trillion in two-way trade per year, according to the Canadian Chamber of Commerce.

But the abrupt end of talks, followed by a week of finger pointing and name-calling on both sides, is driving home the realization that what once felt like an ironclad partnership that Canadian businesses and consumers could rely on, will never be the same again.

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“The uncertainty was always there. What changed is that it became visible, and visible risk can be priced,” said Barry Appleton, managing partner of Appleton & Associates International Lawyers LP in Toronto, who believes Canadian businesses will bear the brunt of the change. “Pricing Canada correctly means pricing it lower than it has been.”

The uncertainty was always there. What changed is that it became visible, and visible risk can be priced

Fen Hampson, a professor of international affairs at Carleton University and co-chair of the expert group on Canada-U.S. relations, said that while negotiators could hammer out an interim deal to lower some sectoral tariffs punishing Canada’s steel and automotive sectors, it is hard to see the broader trade relationship surviving, especially with CUSMA already subject to 10 years of annual reviews that could significantly change its terms.

“To talk about CUSMA going forward, well, they’re in the process of killing it right now,” Hampson said, pointing to the Trump administration’s full-on assault on Canada’s automotive sector, which was at the heart of the original economic agreement between the two countries.

The best-case scenario of persistent tariffs in the now-paused talks would have slowly crippled the Canadian side of the deeply integrated sector, he said, while the last-minute demands would have sped up its demise, something that he believes factored in to Prime Minister Mark Carney ‘s decision to walk away.