Japan launches historic mission for Mars moon samples

At least 10 grams of material from Phobos could be returned to Earth in 2031 Japan’s space agency has launched a mission aimed at becoming the first to land on one of Mars’ moons and return samples from its surface to Earth.

An H3 rocket carrying the Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) spacecraft lifted off from Tanegashima Space Center on Monday, according to a live broadcast by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA).

If the mission proceeds as planned, at least 10 grams of material from Phobos will be returned to Earth in 2031, with the first landing operation scheduled for around two years from now.

No spacecraft has ever successfully landed on Phobos or Mars’ smaller moon, Deimos.

The USSR launched two probes in 1988, but neither completed its mission.

Phobos 1 was lost before reaching Mars after an erroneous command from Earth disabled its attitude-control system.

Phobos 2 spent nearly two months observing Mars and Phobos before a communications failure ended the mission, preventing it from deploying two small landers.

Russia’s subsequent Fobos-Grunt sample-return mission failed in 2011 when the spacecraft’s propulsion system failed to send it out of Earth’s orbit toward Mars.

JAXA plans for MMX to reach Mars in August or September 2027 and begin observations before deploying a rover in late 2028 or early 2029.

The spacecraft carries a 25-kilogram French-German rover named IDEFIX, which will be dropped onto Phobos to study its surface for around 100 days.

The main spacecraft will then attempt two landings to collect samples.

MMX is also expected to fly past Deimos in 2030 before its return module heads back to Earth.

JAXA unveiled the Martian Moons eXploration spacecraft in August 2026. © Yuika Kawazoe/Kyodo News via AP Landing on Phobos presents a major technical challenge.

The moon measures just 27 kilometers across its longest dimension, and its gravitational pull is too weak for conventional close-orbit operations.